UGC- JRF (JULY 10, 2016) PREPARATION

The important Sociological thinkers 

August Comte, Max Weber, Kingsley Davis, Harry M Johnson, Emile Durkheim, R.E. Park, F. W. Burgess, Gillin and Gillin, Small, Arnold Green, Marshall Jones, W.F Ogburn, Franklin Henry Giddings, Henry Fairchild, Alex Inkeles, MacIver and Page, Kimball Young, Raymond W. Mack, Morris Ginsberg, Herbert Spencer, C. Wright Mills, Talcott Parsons, Lewis A Coser, George Herbert Mead, Erving Goffman, George Homans, Harold Garfinkel, Blumer, Von Wiese, Vierkandt, Ferdinand Tonnies, George Simmel, Ross, Hobhouse, Sorokin, Karl Mannheim, J.B Mckee, Duncan Mitchell, Louis Wirth, Lundberg, Bogardus, Ogburn and Nimkoff, Robert Redfield, Robert Nisbet

Solved Question Papers

June 2008 Paper II

1.      Who is the author of the book ‘the elementary forms of religious life? – Emile Durkheim

2.      Which of the following is not a technique of data collection in quantitative method? – Schedule

3.      Who does view punishment as a serial reaction to crime? – Emile Durkheim

4.      Which one is the characteristic of association? – Membership is voluntary

5.      Who defined culture as “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” – Edward B. Taylor

6.      Who has defined a symbol as the stimulus whose response is given in advance? – Kingsley Davis

7.      Which one of the following is not the element of community sentiment? – secondary feeling

8.      Social relations in primary group refers to: - face to face

9.      Which of the following names is associated with the theory of socialization? – G.H Mead

10.  ‘Dower’ is associated with – Muslim Marriage

11.  ‘Tarwad’ is a family prevalent among which tribe – Nairs

12.  Which technique is more appropriate to make an in depth study? – Observation

13.  The following are the conflict thinkers of stratification – T. Parsons, M. Tumin, Dahrendorf

14.  Who among the following in a study of a village in Orissa has showed how the ‘extending frontiers’ of the economy and the polity bring about changes in the caste structure? – F. G Bailey

15.  Who has categorized the working class in a capitalist industrial society into unskilled, semi-skilled, and skilled workers?- Max Weber

Section-A

Sociological Concepts

Nature of Sociology

1.      The word ‘sociology’ comes from Latin word ‘socious’ means ‘society’ and Greek word ‘logus’ means ‘study’. Therefore Sociology is study of society.

2.      The word was first employed in French in 1839 by August Comte who used the term ‘social physics’ for sociology.

3.      August Comte considered to be the founding father of Sociology.

4.      Comte in his ‘Positive Philosophy’ asks for creation of a distinct science of society which is based on formula “To Know, to predict, to control”.

5.      Sociology is youngest discipline in social sciences.

6.      Sociology emerged during 19^th century French and Industrial revolution in Europe.

7.      The birth place of sociology is Europe.

8.      For Ginsberg “sociology has fourfold origin in political philosophy, the philosophy of history, biological theories of evolution and the movement for social and political reforms”.

9.      Sociology broadly defines as “the science of society”.

10.  August Comte defines sociology as the science of social phenomena “subject to natural and invariable laws, the discovery of which is the object of investigation”.

11.  Max Weber defines sociology as “the science which attempts the interpretative understanding of social action in order thereby to arrive at a casual explanation of its course and effect”.

12.  Kingsley Davis defines “sociology is a general science of society”.

13.  Emile Durkheim “sociology as the study of social facts”.

14.  R.E Park and F.W. Burgess “sociology is the science of collective behavior”.

15.  Gillin and Gillin “sociology in its broadest sense may be said to be the study of interaction arising from the association of living beings”.

16.  Small defines “sociology as the science of social relations”.

17.  Arnold Green “sociology is the synthesizing and generalizing science of man in all his social relationships”.

18.  Marshal Jones defines sociology as “the study of man-in-relationship to men”.

19.  W.F. Ogburn “sociology is a body of learning about society. It is a description of ways to make society better. It is social ethics, a social philosophy, generally; however, it is defined as science of society.”

20.  Henry Fairchild defines sociology as “the study of man and his human environment in their relations to each other”.

21.  Prof. Giddings calls human adequacy (human welfare). He also pointed out “sociology tells us how to become what we want to be”.

22.  Sociology in short, has both individual and social advantages.

23.  There are three major sociological perspectives i) the functionalist ii) the conflict and iii) the inter actionist

24.  The functionalist perspective draws its original inspiration from the work of Herbert Spencer and Durkheim.

25.  Spencer compared societies to living organisms.

26.  Emile Durkheim’s analysis of religion represented a critical contribution to the development of functionalism.

27.  Durkheim focused on role of religion in reinforcing feelings of solidarity and unity within group life.

28.  Talcott parsons see society as a network of connected parts each of which contributes to the maintenance of the system as a whole.

29.  Manifest function that is those that are obvious and intended.

30.    Latent function that is those that are unrecognized unintended.

31.  The conflict perspective derives its strength and support from the work of Karl Marx, who saw the struggle between the social classes as the major fact of history.

32.  In studying any culture, organization, or social group, sociologists want to know, “who benefits, who suffers, and who dominates at the expense of others”.

33.  Modern conflict theory is associated with C. Wright Mills and Lewis A Coser.

34.  The interactionist perspective in sociology was initially influenced by Max Weber.

35.  George Herbert Mead also strongly influences the Inter actionist perspective.

36.  Erving Goffman (1959)  takes a ‘dramaturgical’ approach to social interaction; he sees social life as a form of theatre in which people play different parts/roles  and stage manage their lives and the impressions they create on others.

37.  George Homans’ exchange approach.

38.  Harold Garfinkel adopts ‘ethnome-thodological’ approach to find out how people themselves understand the routines of daily life. This approach focuses on how people view, describe and explain shared meanings.

39.  Blumer and his symbolic interaction in which interaction takes place between people through symbols- such as signs, gestures, shared rules, and most important written and spoken language.

40.  Functionalism, primarily on social order and stability.

41.  Conflict theory, primarily on tension and change

42.  Interactionism, primarily on ordinary experience of everyday life.

43.  There are two main schools of thought namely the formalistic school and the synthetic school.

44.  The formalistic school proponents are Von Wiese, Vierkandt, Ferdinand Tonnies, George Simmel, R.E Park, F.W. Burgess, Max Weber, Ross and Small.

45.  For Simmel Sociology should confine its study to formal behavior instead of studying actual behavior.

46.  For Small sociology should study genetic forms of social relationships, behaviors and activities and not to study all the activities of society.

47.  Ferdinand Tonnies support the idea of pure sociology and he divide societies into two categories; Gemeinschaft (community) and Gesellschaft (association) on the basis of the degree of intimacy among the members of the society.

48.  The synthetic schools of exponents are Emile Durkheim, Hobhouse, Sorokins, Karl Mannheim and J.B Mckee.

49.  Synthetic school argues that all the aspects of social life are inter-related, studying the one aspect of social life cannot be sufficient to understand the entire whole.

50.  Emile Durkheim divide sociology into three branches i) social morphology ii) social physiology iii) general sociology

Basic Concepts

1.      According to Duncan Mitchell “community denotes a collectivity of people, occupied a geographical area, together engaged in economic and political activities and constituted as self-governing social unit with some common values and experiencing feelings of belonging to one another”.

2.      Ferdinand Tonnies, Emile Durkheim, Louis Wirth, R.M MacIver and Robert Redfield have contributed substantially in developing concept of community in the field of sociology.

3.      Louis Wirth holds that it is the unity of the common life of people.

4.      R.M MacIver points when the members of group live together and share basic conditions of common life.

5.      Bogardus it is a social group with some degree of “we feeling” and “living in a given area”.

6.      Ogburn and Nimkoff, it is the total organization of social life with a limited area.

7.      Kingsley Davis, it is the smallest territorial group that can embrace all aspects of social life.

8.      Ferdinand Tonnies is the founder of theory of community; he propounded two German words first Gemeinschaft means ‘community’ in which people are united, through feelings and second Gesellschaft means ‘association/society’ in which relations are impersonal and contractual.

9.      Emile Durkheim in his ‘division of labour’ talks about two solidarity first Mechanical (primitive societies) and second Organic (modern Society)

10.  Robert Redfield talks about little and great traditions; little community are smallness, distinctiveness, homogeneity and self-sufficiency.

11.  Tonnies ‘Gemeinschaft’ Durkheim ‘mechanical solidarity’ and Redfield’s ‘little community’ are similar in character and resemble the characteristic of community.

12.  Examples of community such as – monastery, convent, prison, immigrant group.

13.  In sociological use of the term institution was found in Spencer’s “first principles” where he describes institutions as the organs that perform society’s functions.

14.  Summer in ‘Folkways (1906) holds that institution consists of a concept (idea, nation, doctrine, interest) and structure.

15.  W. Hamilton in “the encyclopedia of the social sciences” argues that institutions are group of procedure.

16.  A W and H. Gouldner in “Modern Sociology” see institutions as standardized ways of solving society’s problems. Example giving the funeral.

17.  MacIver and Page in “Society” (1949) differentiates between institutions and associations.

18.  Institutions are “established forms or conditions of procedures characteristic of group activity”. Examples church is an association and services are its institution.

19.  CH Cooley in “Social Organization” (1909) and Kingsley Davis in “Human Society” (1948) regard institutions as vast complexes of norms established by society to deal in a regularized way with what are seen to be its fundamental needs.

20.  Talcott Parsons in “The Social System” (1951) attempts to explain the limits of institutional cohesion and the disparity in social structure.

21.  Ginsberg defines the established institutions as “the recognized and established usage governing the relations between individual and groups”.

22.  There are five primary institutions i) Family ii) Economy iii) Religion iv) Education v) State.

23.  Association is a formal group organized for a specialized and specifically stated purpose; established rules of organization and procedures, a formalized system of leadership and certain common interest among its members.

24.  Ferdinand Tonnies, Max Weber, MacIver have contributed in developing the concept of association.

25.  According to Ferdinand Tonnies those groups which are formed to protect the interests connected with public life, trade, science, stock exchange and so on in the modern societies are called association.

26.  Max Weber divides groups into community and federation.

27.  Community base group found in primitive society where there is no conflict found among individuals, families and groups.

28.  Federation found in modern industrial society where conflict and competition exist for selfish interests; and this based on rules, laws and wisdom.

29.  Examples of association or federation are according Max Weber; such as Bank, Corporation, Bureaucracy and Political Parties.

30.  According to MacIver and Page “association is an organization deliberately formed for the collective pursuit of some interests of set of interests, which its members share”.

31.  Examples of Association are –Family trade organization, trade unions, churches, clubs or professional organizations.

32.   Voluntary associations are any public, formally constituted and non-commercial organization of which membership is oppositional within a particular society.

33.  Examples of voluntary association are –churches, political parties, and pressure groups, leisure association of clubs, neighborhood groups, trade union and professional groups.

34.  Culture is socially transmitted rather than biologically in human society.

35.  Culture in its broadest sense is the way of life of a social group.

36.  Culture can be divided into two i) material ii) non-material

37.  E.B Tylor defines ‘culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.

38.  Malinowski defines “culture is the handiwork of man and the medium through which he achieves his ends”.

39.  R. Firth defines “culture refers to the component of accumulated resources, material as well as non-material, which the people inherit, employ, transmute add to and transmit”.

40.  Culture can be classify into two ways i) concrete, physical and material ii) abstract, non-physical and non-material

41.  Example of material culture such as instruments, technology, house building, cloths and so on.

42.  Example of non-material culture includes ideas, knowledge, tradition, belief, art and so on.

43.  There are three main theories related to the change, development and functions of culture i) Evolutionist ii) Functionalist iii) Expansionist (diffusion)

44.  Evolutionists believe that material and non-material cultures are the result of social evolution.

45.  The evolutionist are Morgan, Tylor, Haddon, Levy-Gruhl, Comte, Marx, Spencer, Durkheim, and G. Childe

46.  Malinowski is considered to be the father of functionalist theory.

47.  Ralph Linton’s name is specially associated with expansionist (diffusion)

48.  Kulturkrise School is associated with Ralph Linton, Grabner, Ankerman and Schmidt; and Kultur kreise means a culture circle or culture district.  

49.  British Diffusionists are Elliot Smith, W.J Perry- called Egyptologist who believes in Egypt cradle of all human civilization and cultural transmission took place from there to the rest of the world.

50.  According to MacIver, civilization is material culture and refers to the utilitarian order of things and that the objects of civilization can be measured or compared or improve.

51.  The concept and theory of culture lag is developed by William F. Ogburn.

52.  Important terms related to culture: Cultural Lag, Cultural Shock, Cultural pluralism, cultural ethos, subculture, cultural configuration, cultural theme, cultural determinism, cultural focus, cultural drift, cultural imperatives, cultural alternatives, cultural residues, cultural trait, cultural gradient, cultural conflict, counter culture, cultural relativism, cultural revitalization, cultural universals, ethos and eidos of culture, cultural change, diffusion, acculturation, assimilation, trans-culturation, Enculturation, Contra-culturation, ethnocentrism, xenocentrism, temporocentrism

53.  Cultural theme was introduced by Morris E.Opler

54.  Cultural focus was coined by M. J Herskovits to refer to ‘the tendency of every culture to exhibit greater complexity, greater variation in the institutions of some of its aspect than is other.

55.  Enculturation concept was given by Herskovits.

56.  Eric Habsbawn’s concept of ‘invitation of tradition’.

57.  Ethnocentrism concept was introduced by William G. Summer in his ‘Folkways’.

58.  The norm includes- folkways, mores and institutional ways to determining behavior.

59.  Ferdinand Tonnies and W.G Summer have contributed in developing concepts of Norms

60.  Norman Stroreer has divided norms into four categories i) prescribed Norms, ii)Proscribed Norms, iii) Preferred Norms, and iv) Permitted Norms

61.  Robert Bierstedt has divided social norms into three broad categories i) folkways ii) mores iii) laws

62.  Kingsley Divas has given seven categories of norms i) folkways ii) mores iii) laws iv)  institutions v) customs, morality and  religion vi) conventions and etiquettes vii) fashion and food

63.  The former are called communal norms and the latter associational norms

64.  The norms are crucial for maintenance and sustenance of society which is called to be Mores.

65.  The issue of value is discussed by Durkheim and Weber in sociological study.

66.  Weber advocated that value orientations cannot be avoided, although a sociologist must avoid value judgments.

67.  Value neutrality is considered as indispensable for scientific sociology.

Social Structure

1.      Linton defines ‘status is a position in a particular system which a certain individual occupies at a particular time’.

2.      MacIver ‘status is a social position that determines for its possessor, apart from his personal attributes or social services, a degree of respect, prestige and influence.”

3.      Ralph Linton has given the concept of ascribed and achieved status.

4.      Ascribed status is that which is inherited on the basis of birth and biological characteristics such as sex, age, race or ethnicity.

5.      Achieved status is acquired through personal effort or change, possibly from occupational or educational attainment.

6.      R. K Merton in his ‘social theory and social structure’ defines status set as the complex of different and distinct statuses occupied by a single individual.

7.      An individual is also known by a master status or key status along with all the statuses he possesses at a time is referred as his status set.

8.      According to Merton status sequence is a ‘succession of statuses occurring with sufficient frequency as to be socially patterned.

9.      G. Lenski coined the term ‘status inconsistency’ along with ‘status crystallization’. He sites four important statuses namely income, education, ethnicity and occupational prestige.

10.  Statuses that exist in pairs by virtue of the fact that each is defined in terms of its relationship to the other are called polar statuses. Example husband-wife, student-teacher, doctor-patient etc

11.  The concept of role was first introduced by Pareto in 1916 when he recognizes the significance of labels such as lawyer, physical, artists etc.

12.  Linton defines role as the dynamic aspect of status; a role is the totality of all the cultural patterns associated with a particular status.

13.  Ogburn and Nimkoff ‘role is a set of socially expected and approved behavior patterns consisting of both duties and privileges associated with a particular position in a group’.

14.  Robert K. Merton defines role set as ‘complement of role relationships which persons have by virtue of occupying a particular social status’.

15.  The term multiple roles refer to the complexes of roles associated not with a single social status but with various statuses.

16.  Example for multiple roles- an individual may be a professor, father, husband, priest and so forth at a same time.

17.  William J. Goode defines role strain as a feeling of difficulty or stress in fulfilling the demands of one’s role obligation.

Thinks to Remember

·         ‘Anomie’ is a condition of normlessness and this may range from contradiction and confusion to serious deterioration.

·         ‘Gemeinschaft’ a concept by Ferdinand Tonnies is a community in which members are united and think about the welfare of the other.

·         ‘Gesellschaft’ an ideal type constructed by Ferdinand Tonnies is a community characterized by impersonal and contractual relationship, like trade association etc.

·         A city is a dense concentration of people settled in a relatively small geographic area and engaged in non-agricultural pursuits.

·         A city is characterized by namelessness, homelessness, class extremes, social heterogeneity, social distance, energy and speed.

·         A clan consists of families bound to one other by unilocal rule of residence unilinear rule of descent and a sense of solidarity.

·         A community works through customs and traditions while associations mostly work through written rules.

·         A culture pattern is formed when traits and complexes become related to each other in functional roles.

·         A lineage consists of descendants in one line, who know their genealogical relationship and who recognize obligations to one another.

·         A metropolitan area is a contiguous territorial unit, economically and socially integrated around a large central city or metropolis. Such areas are not politically integrated and may cut across government boundaries of cities and regions.

·         A norm by definition implies a sense of obligation. Conformity to norms is natural due to internalized needs and external sanctions. Conformity in groups depends on cohesiveness of the group, socio-emotional satisfaction and enjoyable tasks in the group and surveillance and sanctions.

·         A potential group or a quasi-group can become a real group if it becomes organized.

·         A social institution that satisfies a basic human need that is necessary for the survival of society is regarded as a basic social institution.

·         A social norm is a rule or standard of behavior defined by the shared expectations of two or more people regarding what behavior is to be considered socially acceptable.

·         A social position has two parts one, consisting obligations and the other rights.

·         A town is a small urban settlement, larger than a hamlet or village and smaller than a city and is often the focal point of a rural trade area.

·         A voidance is a usage which means that two kin should remain away from one another. The purdah system is an example for avoidance.

·         A.R. Radcliffe Brown argued that in the “study of social structure, the concrete reality with which we are concerned is the set of actually existing relations, which link certain human beings.”

·         Accommodation checks conflict and enables persons and groups to maintain cooperation for social life.

·         Accommodation may be brought about by coercion, compromise, arbitration and conciliation, toleration, conversion, rationalization or super ordination and subordination.

·           

UGC JRF- 10^TH JULY 2016

1.      Patriarchal family decent inheritance and succession are through the male line.

2.      Right Sequence – women’s emancipation-women and development-gender and development- women’s empowerment

3.      Books and Authors Margaret Mead-Sex and temperament, Simone De Beauvoir- The Second Sex, Kante Millett- Sexual Politics, Shulamith Firestone- The Dialectic of Sex

4.      Bogardus scale can be classified as – ordinal

5.      Ideas and Authors Realistic and Non-Realistic conflicts- Lewis A. Coser, Coercion theory of society- Ralp Dahrendorf, History of existing societies is the history of class struggle- Karl Marx, violent coercion- R. Collins

6.      Authors and books M.N Srinivas- The Remembered village, S. C Dube- Indian Village, A. M Shah- Household Dimension of family, Andre Beteille- Caste, class and power

7.      Statements and Sampling Design it is a basic probability sampling design incorporated in all other probability sampling design –simple random sample, the population is first divided into number of strata and a certain number taken from each strata on random basis- stratified sampling, in this method the selection of sample is made in different stages- multi-stage sampling, clusters of units are selected on each other element in the selected clusters- cluster sampling

8.      Measures and Variables the mode- nominal, the mean-interval, the median-ordinal, standard- ratio deviation

9.      Authors and Books J. H. Hutton- Caste in India, M. N. Srinivas- Caste in its new Avtar, Andre Beteille- Caste, Class and power, G.S Ghurye- Caste and Race

10.  Sequence Coding-Data Entry-data cleaning-data distribution

11.  Concepts and Authors logical and non-logical actions-Vilfredo. Pareto, Symbolic Interactionism- G.H Mead, Phenomenology- Alfred Schultz, Dramaturgical perspectives- Erving Goffman

12.  Concepts and Statements Sanskritisation-upward mobility within caste system, modernizations-adoption of scientific knowledge for human development, westernization- secularism, brahminization-brahmins are reference groups

13.  Feminine mystique- is written by Betty Friedan

14.  Sanskritisation refers to positional mobility

15.  Treat social facts as if they were things- Emile Durkheim

16.  The stimulus-response model emphasizes the primacy of external events the human action- G.S Mead

17.  Max Weber- theory of social and economic organization

18.  Re-socialization- example –girls get married

19.  Books and Authors family, socialisation and interaction process- Talcott Parsons, world Revolution and family patterns- Williams J. Grode, family and social network- Elizabeth Bott, family and kinship in East London –Young and willmott

20.  Concepts and Authors - Social structure is as reality in itself- S. F Nadel, social structure is a logic behind reality- Levi Strauss, Social structure is a stable system of social interaction- Talcott Parsons, social structure is a unit of analysis for explaining interpersonal relationships- Radcliffe Brown

21.  Everything is right somewhere but not everywhere. This refers to – cultural relativity

22.  When cultural traits spread from one society to another, the process is called- Diffusion

23.  Ethnocentrism is dysfunctional to inter-group relations

24.  Alvin Toffler talks about post- industrial society

25.  Social norms- rules whose observance is expected in a society

26.  State is neither a handiwork of God, nor the result of the superior force, nor the creation of revolution or convention, nor a mere expansion of family – Garner

27.  Social contract theory- Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau

28.  Hobbes is the author of ‘Leviathan containing social contract theory’

29.  The five fundamental principles (panchasheel) for the tribal upliftment were presented for the first time by Jawaharlal Nehru

30.  Sir Henry Maine Pronounced the Patriarchal Theory

31.  A R Radcliffe Brown –‘Solidarity of the sibling group’

32.  The term ‘demographic transition’ was coined by Warren S Thompson

33.  M. Fortes first put forward the idea of the developmental cycle of the domestic group.

34.  ‘Religion is heart of the heart-less’- Karl Marx

35.  The view that caste is an extended kin group was advocated by Irawati karve

36.  Margaret Mead talked about the need for the social investigations to be trained properly

37.  According to P.V Young strict objectivity is Pious Wish

38.  ‘Field work and the field worker’ 1 is written by M N Srinivas

39.  Max Weber maintained that society cannot be value-free

40.  Scientific study of animal behavior- Ethology

41.  Sociometry is associated with J. L Moreno

42.  Attitude is subjective in nature and character

43.  The method of analyzing social survey data in tables was first developed by Lazarsfeld

44.  A set of techniques used to measure attractions and repulsions during interpersonal relations in quantitative and diagrammatic terms is known as Sociometry

45.  The study of human society involves the study of man

46.  Emile Durkheim view punishment as a serial reaction to crime

47.  Kingsley Davis defined a ‘Symbol as the stimulus whose response is given in advance’

48.  ‘theory of socialisation’ is associated with G. H. Mead

49.  ‘Dower’ is associated with Muslim Marriage

50.  ‘Tarwad’ is a family prevalent among Nairs tribe

51.  Weber has categorized the working class in a capitalist industrial society into- unskilled, semi-skilled, skilled workers.

52.  Books and Authors Caste in modern India- M. N. Srinivas, Caste, Class, power- Andre Beteille, Homo Hierarchies- L. Dumont, Folk Culture and Peasant Societies in India- Indra Deva

53.  Authors and Concepts Louis Wirth- Urbanism as a way of life, Elton Mayo- Human Relation, Robert Redfield- Folk-Urban Continuum, Frederick Taylor- Scientific Management

54.  Works and Authors Social theory and Social structure-  R.K Merton, Conflict Sociology-Randall Collins, The functions of social conflict- Lewis A Coser, Class and Class conflict in Industrial society- R. Dahrendorf

55.  Concepts and Authors Reference Group- R K Merton, Primary Group- C. H Cooley, Co-Ordinated Group- R. Dahrendorf, Group Cohesion- Lewis A Coser

56.  Concepts and Authors Functional Imperatives- Talcott Parsons, Net balance of functional consequences- R K Merton, Universal Functionalism- B. Malinowski, Positivistic Organicism- A Comte

57.  Theories and Authors Cyclical- Spengler, Linear- Spencer, Fluctuation- Sorokin, Spiral- Vico

58.  Order of western economy prior to industrial Revolution

a.       Manorial system

b.      Guild system

c.       Putting out system

59.  The types of socialization as given by Ian Robertsan in his book ‘Sociology’

a.       Primary Socialization

b.      Anticipatory Socialization

c.       Developmental Socialization

d.      Re-Socialization

60.  Hunting and gathering, pastoral, shifting cultivation, settled cultivation

61.  Ethnomethodology- Harold Garfinkel

62.  Max Weber argues that status groups reach their most developed form in the caste system of traditional Hindu society.

63.  ‘Invitation to Sociology’ book is written by P. L Berger

64.  According to Toynbee civilization is cause of all social change.

65.  Levi-Strauss is the profounder of Alliance theory

66.  Cultural Lag- Ogburn

67.  ‘‘When a class is somewhat strictly hereditary, we may call it a caste?” –C H Cooley

68.  “ there is conflict because violent coercion is always a potential resource, and it is a zero-sum sort” – Randall Collins

69.  Modernization of Indian Traditions is authored by Yogendra Singh

70.  Village Studies and Scholars – Shamirpet- S C Dube, Rampura- M N Srinivas, Kishan Garhi- A.R Desai, Sripuram- Andre Beteille

71.  Concepts and Features- Mechanical Solidarity- Social Similarities, primary group- face to face relationship, little community- Homogeneity, Kula- Gift exchange

72.  Concepts and Sociologists – The power elites-Max Weber, Action Schema- Talcott Parsons, Social Action- V. Pareto, Functional alternative- R. K Merton

73.  Concepts/terms and Scientist The social construction of Reality- Peter Burger and T. Luckmann, The poverty of Philosophy- Karl Marx, Non-realistic aspect of conflict and revolutions- Lewis A Coser, Symbolic interaction- Herbert Blumber

74.  Books and Author – Household Dimension of the family- A M Shah, Marriage and Family in India- K M Kapadia, Urbanisation and family- M S Gore, Some aspects of family in Mahuva- I.P Desai

75.  Marxian theory offers a radical alternatives to Functionalism

76.  Radcliffe Brown is of the view that “culture is essentially a set of rules”

77.  W. F Whyte use participant observation for collecting data.

78.  The square of standard deviation is known as – Variance

79.  As a percentage is co-efficient of variation always expressed.

80.  Month wise rainfall data- standard deviation

81.   Relation and Thinker In-group and Out-group – Summer, primary and secondary group- Cooley, Horizontal and Vertical Groups- Miller, Genetic and Congregate groups- Giddings

82.  The welfare of the workers in the complex economy of the present time is Partly taken care of

83.  Herbert Hyman social scientists did use the term ‘political socialization’

84.  Emile Durkheim defines society as : moral community

85.  Social conflicts are not always destructive but may play integrative role- Lewis A Coser

86.  According to the parsonian functional paradigm, the equilibrium of the system is maintained through –Consensus of Values

87.  Dyfunction according to Merton is capable of theoretically handling change.

88.  According to Karl Marx superstructure consists of

a.       Political system

b.      Legal system

c.       Forms of consciousness

89.  ‘Educated women’ is an example of Social Group

90.  As a social group tribe is closest to community

91.  ‘The caste is an enclosed class’ Dr. B R Ambedkar

92.  Conflict theory of Ralph Dahrendorf is based on: Relations of authority

93.  Rural society is an example of Community

94.  The discipline which deals with the study of the origin and nature of knowledge is known as : Epistemology

95.  Weber Characteristic of caste- a closed status group

96.  The functional interpretation of social stratification has been offered by T. Parsons, Davis and Moore, Tumis

97.  The first stage of the evolution of an institution – Ideology

98.  The transformation from feudalism to capitalism be understood –change of system

99.  Tradition of dowry is not an example of social institution

100.                      Max weber’s used as a sociological concept

a.       Value Relevance

b.      Value Neutrality

c.       Value Orientation

101.                      Twentieth century sociologists in classical tradition indulged in a debate with the ghost of Marx – Stated by Anthony Giddens

102.                      Concepts and Authors- Action frame of reference- parsons, Hierarchy of needs- Weber, Anomie- Merton, Logical experimental- Pareto

103.                      Concepts and explanation – Role Strain: Army of roles pertaining to a particular social status, role conflict: conflict between two or more courses of action built into a single role, role set: conflict between incompatible roles of the same person, multiple roles: the complex of roles associated with various statuses of the individual

104.                      K.M Kapadia is noted for his work as Indian Family

105.                      ‘Little tradition’ and ‘Great tradition’ –concept is formulated by Robert Redfield

106.                      Herbert Spencer first time used the concept of social structure to explicate society

107.                       Radcliffe Brown coined the term ‘Euphoria’ in order to delineate –a state of social well being

108.                       For Pareto speculators are those who like to follow tradition

109.                       Mode as a central tendency could be understood on most frequent value

110.                      Morning average is calculated by using mean

111.                      Edward Lindeman and Non-participant observation

112.                      ‘Before’ and After’ observation are made in studies involving experimental design

113.                      The distribution of data is symmetrical when- mean, median, and mode values are equal

114.                      Areas and Research method- Street Corner Society- case Study method, American Soldier- participant observation, the affluent worker- interview method, La Uida- Questionnaire method

115.                      In-group: My family, Primary group: Neighborhood, Quasi-group: Income group, secondary group: trade union

116.                      Gemeinschaft-Gesellschaft: Tonnies, Quality-Performance: T. Parson, Sacred- Secular: Becker, Ascribed- Achieved: Linton

117.                      August Comte used the term ‘social physics for sociology

118.                      An author thought of ‘society to be consisting in the consciousness of kind’- Giddens

119.                      Religion is an opium of the people – Karl Marx

120.                      MacIver civilization is always advancing but not culture

121.                      Authors and Books MacIver: Society, Davis: Human Society, Berger: Invitation to Sociology, Bierstedt: The Social Order

122.                      Concepts and Authors- In-group and out-group: Summer, primary and secondary group: Cooley, Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft:Tonnies, Closed and Open groups: Homans

123.                      When a girl of the higher caste marries a boy of the lower caste, the system is known as – pratiloma

124.                      Zimmerman has given the concept of Atomistic Family

125.                      Types of marriage and Explanation- Patriloma: Women of the higher caste cannot marry men of lower caste, Exogamy: One should seek a spouse from outside one’s descent group, Anuloma: the men of higher caste could marry women of lower caste, Endogamy: One should marry only within one’s caste group.

126.                      Authors and Books- Peter Worsley: the third world, W. W Rostow: The stages of Economic growth, A. G Frank: Under development or Revolution, Reinhard Bendix: Nation building and citizenship: Studies of our changing social order

127.                      Nadel propounded the theory of ‘Internal structure of role’

128.                      Dahrendorf formulated the theory of ‘Middle Class’ within the Marxian framework.

129.                      According to Radcliffe Brown, leadership doesn’t contribute to the integration and survival of the society.

130.                      Organisation and execution of authority is applicable to symbolic system of Malinowski.

131.                      B. Malinowski used ‘participant observation’ method for collecting of data.

132.                      Emile Durkheim was the first to use the comparative method or indirect experiment method in sociology.

133.                      Emile Durkheim has written as ‘objectivity’ in his methodological writings.

134.                      Books and Authors- Statistical reasoning in Sociology: Schuessler and Mueller, methodology of social sciences: max weber, methods in social research: Goode and Hatt

135.                      When one variable is qualitative and another variable is quantitative chi Square X2 measure will be for finding convariation between them

136.                      Both Phi ( O) and yule’s (Q) is used to findout convariation between two qualitative variables.

137.                      Sociometry is used first by Moreno

138.                      Books and Authors- Family and kinship among Pandits of Kashmir: T.N Madan, Kinship and marriage: Robin Fox, Elementary Structures of Kinship: C Levi Strauss, Family and kin, in Indo- European: G.S Ghurye

139.                      Statements and Authors- caste is a closed system: Max Weber, Caste is a closed organic stratification: Fredrick Bailey, Caste is an extreme form of equality: Gunnar Mydal, Caste is an expression of hierarchy rather than stratification: Louis Dumont

140.                      Thoughts and Authors- opposition of purity-pollution: Louis Dumont, tribe-caste peasant continuum: S. Sinha, Attributional and international analysis: Mckim Marriott

141.                      P.F Lazarsfeld is the founding father of Survey research.

142.                      Research and Authors- participant observation: Malinowski, content analysis: Merton, Conjuctural history: Radcliffe Brown, Research Design: Johada

143.                      Theoretical contributions to the study of stratification- Karl Marx-Max Weber-Robert Lynd- C W Mills

144.                      Stages in the process of sanskritization discussed by M N Srinivas: adopting higher caste life style, change of caste name, change of occupation, economic prosperity.

145.                      Contribution and Authors- Cultural Lag: W. F Ogburn, Primary Group: C.H Cooley, Manifest Function: R K Merton, Organic Solidarity: Emile Durkheim

146.                      Cross-cousin: South Indians, Parallel- cousin: Muslims, Polyandrous: Todas of Nilgiri Hills, Hypergamous: Dvija Castes

147.                      M N Srinivas’ dominant caste is – economic, political and ritual status

148.                      Simone De Beauvoir – one is not born, but rather becomes a women

149.                      The “Pygmalion effect” refers to division of labour based on sex

150.                      Emile Durkheim ‘when the rate of social mobility is low, class solidarity and cohesion will be high”.

151.                      Theory and Authors- Law of three stages: A Comte, theory of socialization: Max Weber, Mechanical solidarity and Organic Solidarity: Emile Durkheim, The law of Evolution: Herbert Spencer

152.                      Social structure is a reality in itself : S F Nadel, Social Structure is a logic behind reality: Levi Strauss, social structure is a stable system of social interaction: Talcott Parsons, Social structure is a unit of analysis for explaining inter-personal relationships: Radcliffe Brown

153.                      Developed a mode of analysis in sociology called functionalism: Emile Durkheim

154.                      Sequence for functionalism is chronologically: Spencer- Durkheim- Parsons- Merton

155.                      Correct logical sequence of Ralf Dahrendorf’s theory of conflict

a)      Imperatively coordinated groups

b)      Rulers and the ruled

c)      Interest groups

d)     Conflict

156.                      Theory and Author- pattern variables: T. Parsons, types of social action: Max Weber, Logical and Non-Logical Action: V. Pareto, Symbolic Interactionism: G H Mead

157.                      Authors and Theory- Pareto: Social Action, Blumer: Symbolic Interactionism, Collins: Conflict, Nadel: Structuralism

158.                      Authors and contributions- Lewis A Coser: The functions of social conflict, Ralph Dahrendorf: Class and Class conflict in Industrial society, Karl Marx and I. Engels: The communist Manifesto, Randall Collins: Conflict Sociology

159.                      R K Merton: In group and out group

160.                      “Human Society” is authored by K. Davis

161.                      Acts and Years- Domestic Violence Act:2005/2006, Hindu Window Remarriage Act:1954, Sharda Act:1929, Dowry Prohibition Act: 1961

162.                      Theory and Thinkers- Surplus Value: Karl Marx, Social Fact: Emile Durkheim, Logical Action: V Pareto, Ideal Type: Max Weber

163.                      In sequence Karl Marx’s classification of society: primitive-ancient- feudal- Asiatic society

164.                      Totemism: Durkheim, Organizational Arena of Struggle: Collins

165.                      Distinction between concrete social structure and structural form: Radcliffe Brown

166.                      Purposive rational action/ communicative action: Hobermass

167.                      Theory of socialization: G H Mead

168.                      Tarwad: is a family prevalent among Nairs tribes

169.                      Contribution and Authors- Caste in Modern India: M N Srinivas, Caste, Class and Power: Andre Beteille, Homo Hierarchies: Louis Dumont, Folk Culture and Peasant Societies in India: Indra Deva

170.                      Works and Authors- folk-urban continuum: Robert Redfield, Human Relations: Elton Mayo, Scientific Management: Frederick Taylor, Urbanism as a way of life: Louis Wirth

171.                       Works and thinkers- Social theory and social structure: R K Merton, Conflict Sociology: Randall Collins, The functions of Social conflict: Lewis A Coser, Class and Class conflict in Industrial Society: Ralph Dahrendorf

172.                      Works and Authors- Reference Group: RK Merton, Primary Group: CH Cooley, Co-ordinated Group: Ralph Dahrendorf, Group Cohesion: Lewis A Coser

173.                      Concepts and Authors –social statics and social dynamics: August Comte, Solidarity: Emile Durkheim, Bureaucracy- Max Weber, Residue and Derivations: Vilfredo Pareto

174.                       Theory and Authors- Functional imperative: Talcott Parsons, Net balance of functional consequences: RK Merton, Universal Functionalism: B. Malinowski, Positivisitic Organicism: A. Comte

175.                      Concepts and Authors- Westernization and Sanskritization: M N Srinivas, Universalisation and Parochialisation: Mckim Marriot, Great tradition and little tradition: Robert Redfield/ Milton Singer, Universalization and Particularism: Talcott Parsons

176.                      Theory and Authors- Cyclical: Spengler/ Pareto, Linear: Spencer/A Comte/ Durkheim, Fluctuation: Sorokin, Spiral: Vico

177.                      Ian Robertson ‘Sociology’ Types of Socialization

a)      Primary Socialisation

b)      Anticipatory Socialisation

c)      Developmental Socialisation

d)     Re-Socialisation

178.                      Human Ecology: Robert E Park

179.                      Urbanism as a way of life: Louis Wirth

180.                      Culture of Poverty: Oscar Lewis

181.                      Durkheim’s work in order

a)      The division of labour

b)      The rules of sociological methods

c)      The social system

d)     Social theory and social structure

182.                      Negative reference group: Ralph Linton

Phenomenology and Ethnomethodology

Alfred Shultz and his contribution

                                i.            Phenomenology of the social world

                              ii.            On phenomenology and social relations

                            iii.            The structures of the life world

                            iv.            Philosophers in exile

                              v.            Life forms and meaning structure

                            vi.            Collected papers: studies in social theory

                          vii.            Collected papers VI liberty reality and relationships

                        viii.            Collected papers

       Peter L Berger

                                i.            The social construction of reality (1966)

                              ii.            The sacred canopy (1967)

                            iii.            Invitation to sociology: a humanistic perspective (1963)

                            iv.            The homeless mind (1973)

                              v.            A rumor of angels: modern society and the rediscovery of the supernatural (1969)

                            vi.            In praise of Doubt (2009)

                          vii.            Adventures of an accidental sociologist (2011)

                        viii.            The many altars of modernity: toward a paradigm for religion in a pluralist age (2014)

                            ix.            Redeeming laughter (1997)

                              x.            Pyramids of sacrifices: Political ethics and social change (1974)

                            xi.            A far glory (1992)

                          xii.            Questions of faith (2004)

    Louis Althusser

                                i.            For Marx

                              ii.            Reading capital

                            iii.            Lenin and philosophy and other essays

                            iv.            Essays in self-criticism

                              v.            The future lasts a long time

                            vi.            Machiavelli and us

Simone De Beauvoir

        i.            The Second Sex (1949)

      ii.            The Ethics of Ambiguity (1948)

Ulrich Beck

        i.            Risk Society: Towards a new modernity 1986

      ii.            Ecological politics in an age of risk 1988

    iii.            The normal chaos of love

    iv.            The reinvention of politics: rethinking modernity in the global social order (1996)

      v.            Democracy without enemies (1997)

    vi.            World Risk Society (1997)

  vii.            Power in the global age (2005)

Pierre Bourgieu

        i.            The Algerian 1958

      ii.            Reproduction in Education, society and culture (1970)

    iii.            Outline of a theory of practice (1972)

    iv.            The logic of practice (1980)

      v.            Language and symbolic power (1982)

    vi.            Sociology in Question (1984)

  vii.            In other words: Essays toward a reflexive sociology (1987)

viii.            An invitation to reflexive sociology (1992)

    ix.            Masculine Domination (1998)

      x.            The social structure of the economy

Manuel Castells

        i.            The urban Question (1972)

      ii.            Urban-Regional Process (1989)

Randall Collins

        i.            Conflict sociology: toward an explanatory science (1975)

      ii.            Weberian Sociological theory (1986)

    iii.            Theoretical Sociology (1988)

    iv.            The Discovery of Society (1992)

      v.            Four Sociological traditions (1994)

    vi.            The Sociology of philosophies: A global theory of intellectual change (1998)

  vii.            Interaction ritual chains (2004)

Shulamith Firestone

        i.            The dialectic of Sex- the case for feminist revolution (1968)

Michel Foucault

a.       Madness and Civilization: a history of insanity in the age of reason (1961)

b.      The birth of the clinic: An Archaeology of medical perception (1963)

c.       The order of things: An Archaeology of the human sciences (1966)

d.      The Archaeology of Knowledge (1969)

e.       Discipline and Punish: The birth of the Prison (1975)

Harold Garfinkel

a.       The perception of the other: A study in social order (1952)

b.      Studies in Ethnomethodology (1967)

c.       Ethno methodological studies of work (1986)

Clifford Geertz

a.       The religion of Java (1960)

b.      Pedlars and princes (1963)

c.       Agricultural Innovation (1964)

d.      The Interpretation of culture (1973)

e.       Local knowledge

Anthony Giddens

a.       Capitalism and modern social theory (1971)

b.      The class structure of the advanced societies (1973)

c.       Studies in social and political theory

d.      The new rules of sociological method (1976)

e.       The construction of society (1984)

f.       Social theory and modern sociology

g.      The nation-state and violence (1985)

h.      The consequences of modernity (1990)

i.        Modernity and self- identity (1991)

j.        The transformation of intimacy (1992)

k.      Beyond left and right (1994)

l.        The third way: the renewal of social democracy (1998)

Erving Goffman

a.       The nature of deference and demeanor (1956)

b.      The presentation of self in everyday life (1959)

c.       Encounters (1961)

d.      Stigma (1963)

e.       Behaviour in public places (1963)

f.       Relations in public (1971)

g.      Frame analysis (1974)

h.      Gender Advertisements (1979)

i.        Forms of Talk (1981)

Jurgen Habermas

a.       The structural transformation of the public sphere: An inquiry into a category of bourgeois society

b.      Knowledge and human interests (1968)

c.       Legitimation crisis (1973)

d.      Theory of communicative action

e.       The philosophical discourse of modernity: twelve lectures

f.       Democracy (1992)

g.      The post national  constellation (1998)

George Homans

a.       An introduction to pareto (1934)

b.      The human group (1950)

c.       Social behavior: its elementary forms (1961)

d.      Coming to my senses: Auto biography of a sociologist (1985)

e.       Certainties and doubts

Claude Levi- Strauss

a.       The elementary structures of kinship (1949)

b.      Race and history (1952)

c.       Structural anthropology

d.      Totemism (1962)

e.       The savage mind (1962)

f.       The raw and the cooked

g.      The naked man (1971)

h.      The way of the masks

i.        Anthropology and Myth

David Lockwood

a.       Some remarks on the social system

b.      The black coated worker

c.       The new working class

d.      System integration and social integration

e.       Civic integration and class formation (1996)

Robert K Merton

a.       Science, technology and society in seventeenth century England

b.      Mass persuasion

c.       Social theory and social structure

d.      Sociological ambivalence and other essays

C. Wright Mills

a.       Sociology and Pragmatism: The higher learning in America

b.      Power, Politics and people

c.       White Collar: The American middle classes

d.      The power elite

e.       The sociological imagination

Talcott Parsons

a.       The structure of social action (1937)

b.      The social system (1951)

c.       Essays in sociological theory

d.      Family, socialization and interaction process

e.       Economy and society

f.       Structure and process in modern society

g.      Social structure and personality

h.      Sociological theory and modern society

i.        Politics and social structure

j.        The system of modern society

k.      Social system and the evolution of action theory

l.        Action theory and the human condition

Immanuel Wallenstein

a.       The modern world system

b.      The capitalist world economy

c.       Dynamics of global crisis

d.      Historical capitalism

183.                      Ethnomethodology is associated with – Harold Garfinkel

184.                      Max Weber argues that status groups reach their most developed from in the caste system of traditional Hindu society.

185.                      Book entitled “Invitation to Sociology”- P L Berger

186.                      Alliance theory is propounded by Levi Strauss

187.                      When a class is somewhat strictly hereditary, we may call it a caste? – CH Cooley

188.                      Zero-Sum Sort : Randall Collins

189.                      Modernization of Indian tradition: Yogendra Singh

190.                      Village and Author- Sharmirpet: SC Dube, Rampura: MN Srinivas, Kishan Garhi: A R Desai, Sripuram: Andre Beteille

Solve Paper

1.      Concepts and Authors: mechanical solidarity- social similarity, primary group-face to face relationship, little community- homogeneity, Kula- gift exchange

2.      Theory and Author: The power elite- C Wright Mills, Circulation of Elite- Vilfredo Pareto, Action Schema- Talcott Parson, Social Action- Vilfredo Pareto, Functional Alternative- R.K Merton

3.      The Social Construction of Reality- Peter Berger and T. Luckmann, The poverty of Philosophy- Karl  Marx, Non-realistic aspect of conflict and revolution- Lewis A Coser, Symbolic interaction- Herbert Blumber

4.      Household dimension of the family- A. H Shah, Marriage and family in India- K.M Kapadia, Urbanization and family- M.S Gore, Some aspects of family in Mahuva- I.P Desai

5.      Forces of Production- Karl Marx, Organic Analogy- Herbert Spencer, Religious Ethics- Max Weber/ E Durkheim, Cultural lag- Ogburn

6.      Looking glass self- Charles H Cooley, Dramaturgical Circumspection- E. Goffman, Collective Consciousness- E. Durkheim, Id, Ego and Superego- Sigmund Freud

7.      Deviance as given by R.K Merton- Conformity, Innovation, Ritualism, Retreatism, Rebellion

8.      Numerical Strength of Indian Tribes- Bhils, Gond, Somthals, Meena

9.      Marriage Sequence given by Westermarck: Promiscuous- Group Marriage- Polygamous- Monogamous

10.  Correct Sequence of social stratification given by Melvin Tumin: Differentiation- Ranking- Evaluation- Rewarding

11.  Correct Sequence for stages of Socialization: Anticipatory- infant- Child- Adolescent

12.  Sequence in Classifying sciences by Comte’s: Mathematics- Astronomy- Physics- Chemistry-Biology- Sociology

13.   Basic concept in the definition of social structure as given by Nadel- Relationship

14.  Functional prerequisites of T. Parsons are Adaption, Goal Attainment, Integration and Latency

15.  Marxian theory offers a radical alternative to functionalism.

16.  Culture is essentially a set of rules- Radcliff Brown

17.  Participant observation- W F Whyte

18.  The square of standard deviation is known- Variance

19.  Co-efficient of variation always expressed- as a percentage

20.  Probability samplings are Simple Random, Stratified Random, Systematic/Interval, Cluster, Multi-stage, multi-phase

21.  Non- Probability samplings are Convenience, Purposive, Quota, Snowball, Volunteer

22.  Month wise rainfall data to identify the years showing least changes in rainfall- Standard Deviation

23.  Qualitative researches are participant observation, case study, content analysis, oral history, life history

24.  Quantitative researches are survey, hypothesis, sampling observation(non-participant), schedules, questionnaire and interview

25.  Qualitative social research involves- positivism, empiricism, induction

26.  In-group and out-group: Sumner, primary and secondary group: Cooley, Horizontal and vertical groups: Miller, Genetic and Congregate groups: Gidden

27.  Political Socialization- Herbert Hyman

28.  Emile Durkheim defines society as- moral community

29.  According to Karl Marx, superstructure consists of political system, legal system and forms of consciousness

30.  ‘Educated women’ is an example of social group.

31.  As a social group tribe is closest to community.

32.  C H Cooley- Human Nature and Social Order, G H Mead- Mind, Self and Society, Herbert Blumer- Symbolic Interactionism, E. Goffman- Dramaturgy

33.  ‘The caste is an enclosed class’- Dr B R Ambedkar

34.  Epistemology- the discipline which deals with the study of the origin and nature of knowledge

35.  Weber characterized of caste- a closed status group.

36.  The functional interpretation of social stratification has been offered by – Davis and Moore, Parsons, Tumin

37.  The Weberian model of social stratification has been used in the study of caste by Andre Beteille

38.  The prohibition of Sagotra marriage among the Hindus is an example of marriage – clan exogamy

39.  Acculturation- a condition in which people of a culture tend to acquire some elements of other culture and leave some elements of their own, Assimilation- a process wherein a minority group gradually gives up its own cultural patterns and acquire those of the dominant, Accommodation- a condition in which people may work together even though there are differences which separate them, Integration- a process of adaptation in which elements of a culture form a composite whole.

40.  Correct sequence of Parson’s Schema of Social Action and Social System are Biological Organism- Personality system- Social system- cultural system

41.  The purpose of the survey is – extensive coverage of population

42.  Hypothesis is a prerequisite- experimental study

43.  Central Tendency- mean/ median/ mode, Dispersion- mean deviation, Correlation- Pearson’s coefficient, Test of Significance- ‘T’ test

44.  A social institution is a functional configuration of culture patter – Gillin

45.  Deviant behavior does not cause physical harm or damage is known as – Social Deviance

46.  Reflexive role taking – G H Mead

47.  Morgan’s name is associated with – Primitive Promiscuity

48.  Marx perceived petty bourgeoise as – a transitional class

49.  According to Marx- workers first become conscious of sharing common grievances against capitalist (thus forming a class ‘in itself’) and Eventually develop an awareness of themselves as forming a social class opposed to the bourgeoise (thus becoming a ‘class for itself’) the proletariat.

50.  ‘Theory of Social Structure’- S F Nadel

51.  ‘The Mothers’ – Briffault

52.  ‘There are no roles without statuses or statues without roles’ – Ralph Linton

53.  Functional analysis of Stratification was given by – Kingsley Davis

54.  The first western scholar who undertook a systematic study of society- Plato

55.  Conflict Theorist are Karl Marx, Lewis A Coser, C Wright Mills, Ralph Dahrendorf

56.  The internalization of social control- G H Mead, Power as asymmetrical control- Lewis A Coser, Anticipatory Socialization- R.K Merton, Functional Method and Evolutionism- G  H Mead

57.  Felt difficulty in fulfilling role obligations is known as – Role Strain

58.  Idealisational and Sensate Cultures- Pitrim Sorokin, Cosmopolitans and locals- R K Merton, Sick Role and Patient Role- Talcott Parsons, Structure and Function- Radcliff Brown

59.  Community- Ferdinand Tonnies, Law of three stages- Auguste Comte, Dialectical Materialism- Karl Marx, Little Tradition- Robert Redfield

60.  Post Industrial Society- Daniel Bell, Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society- Ralph Dahrendorf, Division of labour in Society- Emile Durkheim

INDIAN SOCIOLOGICAL THOUGHT

1.      Historical Perspective- D D Kosambi, Romila Thapar

2.      Indological/textual Perspective- Radhakamal Mukerjee, G. S Ghurye, Louis Dumont

3.      Structural Functional Perspective- M N Srinivas, S. C Dube, Mckim Marriott

4.      Marxist Perspective- DP Mukerji, AR Desai, Ramkrishna Mukherjee

5.      Cultural Perspective- Yogendra Singh

6.      Civilizational Perspective- NK Bose, Surajit Sinha

7.      Subaltern Perspective- BR Ambedkar, Ranajit Guha, David Hardiman

8.      Authors and Books – Yogesh Atal- Indian Sociology: from where to where (2003), DN Dhanagare- Themes and Perspectives in Indian Sociology (1993), S. L Doshi – Modernity, Postmodernity and Neo-Sociological theories (2003), Ramkrishna Mukherjee- Sociology of Indian Sociology (1979), Surendra Sharma- Sociology in India: A Perspective from sociology of knowledge (1985), N K Singhi- Theory and Ideology in Indian Sociology (1993)

9.      Raymond Aron- Main Currents in Sociological Thought (1965)

10.  Herbert Risley- Caste and Tribes of Bengal (1891)

11.  Nicholas Dirks- In Post-Colonial Passages

12.  Development of Sociology in India in three Phase i) 1917-1946 ii) 1947-1966 iii) 1967-onwards

13.  Bombay University was established 1914 and the department of Sociology established 1919. In which Patrick Geddes, GS Ghurye (head)

14.  Lucknow University was established in 1921, with department of Economic and Sociology and head of the department of was Radhakamal Mukerjee

15.  Mysore University starts in 1928 headed by BN Seal and A F Wadia

16.  Osmania University also starts from 1928, Poona 1947 and late 1930 by Irawati Karve (head)

17.  Council of Social Science Research – ICSSR (1972)

18.  Scientific Social Surveys and Research – PV Young

DD Kosambi

a.       An introduction to the study of Indian History

b.      Myth and Reality: Studies in the formation of Indian Culture

c.       The Culture and Civilization of Ancient India in Historical Outline

Romila Thapar

a.       Indian Tales

b.      The History of India

c.       History and Beyond

G. S. Ghurye

a.       Caste and Race in India

b.      Indian Sadhus

c.       Cities and Civilization

d.      Gods and Men

e.       Schedule Tribes

f.       Indian Acculturation

g.      Vedic India

Louis Dumont * French Sociologist/Indologist

a.       Homo Hierarchicus (first published 1966 and later edited 1970)

b.      Homo Aequalis

c.       La Tarasque (1951)

·         He study a village called Pramalai Kallar of TN

·         Binary Opposition to the West: modern against traditional, holism against individualism, hierarchy against equality, purity against pollution, status against power.

d.      One sons- caste de inde du sud: organization sociale et religion des pramalai kallar (1957)

e.       Hierarchy and Marriage alliance in South India (1957)

f.       Homo Hierarchicus: the caste system and its implications (1966, 1970)

g.      Religion, Politics and History in India: Collected Papers in Indian Sociology (1970)

h.      Homo aequalis (1977)

M N Srinivas * Mysore Narsimhacharya Srinivas)

·         His concepts are i) Dominant Caste ii) Sanskritization iii) Westernization iv) Secularization

·         He has done intensive study on Coorgs in Rampura Village

·         His books are

a.       Marriage and family in Mysore (1942)

b.      India’s Village (1955)

c.       Religion and Society among the Coorgs of South India

d.      Caste in modern India and other Essays (1962)

e.       Social Change in Modern India (1966)

f.       The Remembered Village (1976)

g.      India: Social Structure (1980)

h.      The Dominant Caste and other Essays (1987)

S.C Dube * shyama Charan Dube

·         He did his study in Shamirpet village of Hyderabad

·          Kamar tribe a shifting cultivators in Madhya Pradesh

·         Deccan Village/ Deccan Plateau

·         His books and contributions are

a.       Indian village (1955)

b.      The Kamar, Indian Village (1955)

c.       India’s Changing Villages (1958)

d.      Tribal Heritage of India (1977)

e.       Understanding Society (1977)

f.       Modernization and Development (1988)

g.      Tradition and Development (1990)

h.      Understanding Change (1990)

i.        Indian Society

Mckim Marriot

a.       Village India: Studies in the Little Community (1955)

b.      Caste Ranking and Community Structure in the Five regions of India and Pakistan (1960)

c.       India through Hindu Categories (1990)

·         Milton Singer/ Robert Redfield studied the Mexican Communities- little and great tradition

·         Two concepts- Parochialisation and Universalization

DP Mukerji

·         He is a Marxiologist not a Marxist

·         He talks about primary, secondary and tertiary

·         His books are

a.       Diversities (1958)

b.      Basic Concepts in Sociology (1932)

c.       Personality and the Social Science (1924)

d.      Modern Indian Culture (1942)

e.       Views and couterviews

 A R Desai

a.       The social Background of Indian Nationalism

b.      Rural Sociology in India

c.       Slums and Urbanization of India

d.      Peasant Struggle in India

e.        Rural India in Transition

f.       India’s Path of Development

Ramkrishna Mukherjee

a.       The Dynamics of a Rural Society

b.      Six Villages of Bengal

c.       Family and Planning in India

Yodendra Singh

a.       Modernization of Indian Tradition

b.      Social Stratification and Social Change in India

c.       Social Change in India: Crisis and Resilience

d.      Culture Change in India: Identity and Globalization

e.       Sociology of Non-Violence and Peace

f.       The Sociology of Culture

g.      Towards a Sociology of Culture in India

h.      For a Sociology of India

N. K Bose * Nirmal Kumar Bose

·         The Structure of Hindu Society

·         Studied Juang Tribe of Odisha

Subaltern Perspective * view from below, a view or understanding from the bottom of society or the flow of knowledge from below.

B.R Ambedkar (Mahar Caste)

·         Gayakward Scholarship

·         SCs was first used by the British in government of India Act, 1935

·         Mantra of BR Ambedkar was Educate, Organize and Agitate

1.      The untouchables, who are they?

2.      Who were the Shudras?

3.      States and Minorities

4.      Emancipation of the untouchables

5.      Annihilation of Caste

Ranajit Guha (founding editor of Subaltern Studies)

1.      A rule of property for Bengal: An essay on the idea of the Permanent Settlement (1963)

2.      Elementary aspects of Insurgency in Colonial India (1983)

3.      Subaltern Studies – Unfair to the fair

David Hardiman *he is from Rawalpindi (Pakistan)

1.      The Quit India Movement in Gujarat (1980)

2.      Peasant Nationalists of Gujarat: Kheda District

3.      Peasant Resistance in India: 1858-1914

4.      Gandhi in his time and Ours

5.      Histories for the Subordianted

6.      Missionaries and their Medicine: A Christian Modernity for Tribal India

·         The Gramscian Term ‘Subaltern’ meaning ‘subordinate group’

SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT

1.      Ferdinand Tonnies talks about i) Gemeinschaft (community) ii) Gesellschaft (association)

2.      Emile Durkheim talks about two solidarity i) Mechanical ii) Organic

3.      Herbert Spencer talks about two society i) Military ii) Industrial society

4.      Auguste Comte talks about three stages of evaluation of society i) Theological ii) Metaphysical iii) Positive

5.      Talcott Parsons talks about i) system ii) functional imperatives AGIL iii) Homeostatic equilibibrium iv) Pattern Variables 5 sets; those are a) Affective – Affective Neutrality, b) particularistic- Universalistic, c) collective orientation- self orientation, d) Ascription- achievement e) Diffused- Specific

6.      Marian Levy talks about modernization theory from the perspective of relatively modernized societies and relatively not modernized societies

7.      Nail Smelser talks about modernization theory from the perspective of Structural differentiation like Traditional versus Modern

8.      Rostow talks about  five Stages of Economic Growth i) traditional society ii) precondition for takeoff, iii) takeoff iv) Drive to Maturity v) High Mass Consumption Society

9.      Coleman’s talks modernization in the perspective of differentiation and equality capacity model in which differentiation is all about the political structure of society that enhances he capacity of a society’s political system and the other equality all about the secularization of political culture

10.  McClelland gives achievement motivation

11.  Inkeless talks on Modern Man

12.  Bellah talks about Tokugawa religion

13.  Lipset gives the theory of Economic development and democracy

14.  Wong talks about Entrepreneurial familism

15.  Davis talks Japanese religion revisited (A- society, B- the barricades- Religion, Magic, Morality, folk tradition C- Economy)

16.  Huntington talks about development of democracy in two ways i) precondition of democratization that are economic wealth, social structure, external environment, cultural context ii) processes of democratization that are linear, cyclical, dialectical

17.  ECLA- Economic Commission for Latin America

18.  ECLA Manifesto- Prebisch

19.  AG Frank talks about The Development of Underdevelopment in which he develop a model called Metropolis- satellite exploitation

20.  Dos Santos talks about  The Structure of Dependence

21.  Amin talks Transition to Peripheral Capitalism

22.  Paul Baran talks about Colonialism in India in which he bring forth i) economic impact ii) Political and Culture

23.  Landsberg talks Manufacturing Imperialism in East Asia

24.  Cardoso talks about Associated dependent development in Brazil

25.  O’donnell talks about The Bureaucratic Authoritarian State in Latin America

26.  Evans talks about the triple alliance in Brazil in the 1980s

27.  Gold talks about Dynamic Dependency in Taiwan

28.  Immanuel Wallerstein talks about World System Theory that i) The core, ii) The periphery iii) The Semi- Periphery

29.  The World System Theory also has  two major intellectual i) Neo- Marxist Literature of Development ii) French Annales School

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

1.      M N Srinivas – Varna and Caste

2.      G. S Ghurye- Features of the Caste system

3.      McKim Marriott- Multiple reference in Indian Caste System

4.      Daniel Thorner- Agrarian Structure

5.      M. N Srinivas- The Dominant Caste in Rampura, Mobility in the Caste system

6.      Andre Beteille- Caste, Class and Power

7.      Max Weber- Class, Status and Party

8.      Louis Dumont- Hierarchy, status and power: the caste system and its implications

9.      T.N Madan- Partition of the Household

CONTEMPORARY SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY

Functionalism

·         Emile Durkheim

o   The division of Labour in society

o   Anne’e Sociologique- French Sociology Journal

o   The rules of Sociological Method

o   The Elementary forms of the religious life

o   His concepts are collective conscience, social fact, suicide, anomie

·         Talcott Parsons- Grand Theory

o   He translated “the protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism” into English

o   Book- The Structure of Social Action (1937)

o   Parsons’ system levels (4) i) cultural system, ii) social system, iii) personality system, iv) behavioral organism

o   Parsons’ theory of Action- actor, motivation, situation and goal

o   The pattern variables: i) Ascription- Achievement, ii) Diffuseness- Specificity, iii) Particularism- Universalism, iv) Affective- Neutrality, v) Collective- Self

o   The functional system problems AGIL: Eco, Pol, Legal, Edu-religious-family

·         Robert K Merton- Middle Range Theory, Dysfunctions, manifest and latest function, functional alternatives, theory of deviance

o   Social theory and social structure

o   Anticipatory socialization

o   Modes of adaptation i) conformity ii) innovation iii) ritualism iv) retreatism v) rebellion

o   The travels and adventures of serendipity: a study in sociological semantics and the sociology of science

o   Dyfunctions

o   Manifest and latent function

o   Functional alternatives

Structural Functionalism

·         Emile Durkheim

·         Robert K Merton

Neo- Functionalism

·         Jeffrey C. Alexander

o   Book- Neo- functionalism and After

o   The Meaning of Social life: A cultural Sociology

·         Neil. J Smelser

o   Neil J Smelser and Talcott Parson Co-authored book “Economy and Society”

·         Niklas Luhmann

o   Self-reference (society, meaning, religion)

o   Differentiation of society

o   Tautology and Paradox

o   Risk: A sociological theory

Auguste Comte talks about Statics (order) and Dynamics (Progress)

C. Wright Mills *American Sociologist

1.      The Sociological Imagination

2.      White Collar: The American Middle Class

3.      The Power Elite: Military, Economic and Political

4.      The Power Elite

Pierre Bourdieu *French Sociologist

1.      An invitation to Reflexive Sociology

2.      In other words

3.      Outline of a theory

4.      The inheritors

Ralph Dahrendorf

1.      Power, conflict and social explanation

2.      Class and class conflict in industrial society

3.      Class and class conflict

Lewis A Coser

1.      Notes on a double career

2.      Greedy Institutions

3.      The Functions of Social Conflict i) External ii) Internal

Randall Collins

1.      Social factors in the Origins of a new science: the case of psychology

2.      Conflict sociology: toward an explanatory science

3.      Functional and conflict theories

4.      Conflict Sociology

5.      Weberian Sociological theory

Karl Marx

1.      The classless society

2.      Capital

Talcott Parson

1.      Societies: Evolutionary and Comparative Perspectives

2.      The system of modern societies

3.      Evolutionary universals in society

4.      Sociological theory and modern society

o   He talks about Evolutionary Model

Jurgen Habermas

o   Rationalization and communicative action

o   Books are –

1.      Legitimation crisis

2.      Legitimation problems

3.      Crossing globalization’s valley of tears

4.      The theory of communicative action

5.      The philosophical discourse of modernity

6.      Philosophical discourse

Anthony Giddens

o   Structuration Theory, High Modernity and Globalization

o   Books are-

1.      Constitution of society

2.      Central problems in social theory

3.      The class structure of the advanced societies

4.      Modernity and self- identity

5.      Living in a post- traditional society

Symbolic Interactionism

·         Symbolic interactionism originated by Herbert Blumer

·         Man and Society is authored by P. Schmdf Emerson

·         Weber- Verstehen (interpretive understanding or subjective meaning) – the theory of social and economic organisation

·         Lewis A Coser- masters of sociological thought

·         The polish peasant in Europe and America

·         Charles Horton Cooley- Human Nature and the social order

George Herbert Mead

·         Book- Mind, Self and Society

o   The self

o   Self-interaction

o   The development of the self -play, game, mature

o   Symbolic meaning

Herbert Blumer

·         Interpretation and methodology

·         Book- symbolic interactionism

·         Glaser and Strauss- time for dying

·         Erving Goffman- Encounters: two studies in the sociology of interaction

·         Comments on ‘parsons as a symbolic interactionist’

·         Sociological theory in Industrial relations

Erving Goffman

·         Dramaturgy and the interaction order

·         Book- The Presentation of self in Everyday life

·         Stigma- Asylums- total institution

·         Dramaturgy is the art of dramatic composition and the atrical representation/ impression management (front and back region)

·         Books- Gender Advertisements, the arrangements b/w the sexes, the interaction order

·         The Interaction Order are i) person, ii) contacts iii) encounters iv) platform performance v) celebrative social occasions

Arlie Russell Hochschild

·         Emotional Order

·         Book- The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling

Patricia Hill Collins

·         Books

1.      Black-Feminist thought: knowledge, consciousness and the politics of empowerment

2.      Black Sexual Politics: African American, Gender and the New Racism

3.      Fighting Words: Black women and the search for justice

PHENOMENOLOGY

·         Harold Garfinkel’s Ethnomethodology

·         Peter Berger’s Social Reality Construction

·         Dorothy E Smith’s Feminist Standpoint theory

The word phenomenon derived from the Greek meaning ‘appearance’

The encyclopedia of sociology defines phenomenology as ‘a method of philosophy’

Edmund Husserl and Alfred Schutz

·         German philosopher Edmund Husserl first use the term ‘phenomenology’

·         Husserl defines phenomenology as interest in those things that can be  directly apprehended by one’s senses

·         Stock of knowledge

Harold Garfinkel

·         The founder of Ethnomethodology

·         Book- Studies in Ethnomethodology (1967)

·         Ethnomethodology- (ethno- members/ of a group/ folk/ people) members/ people’s methods of making sense of their social world.

Peter Berger

·         His wife- Brigitte Berger

·         Berger and Luckmann- alienation means a loss of meaning

·         They form the moment of dialectical process- i) externalization ii) objectivation iii) Internalization

·         Books are

1.      The Scared Canopy

2.      Question of Faith

3.      The Homeless Mind

4.      Pyramids of Sacrifice

5.      The War Over the Family (he and his wife co- authored)

Authors and Books

1.      Brownislaw Malinowski- crime and custom in savage society

2.      Claude Levi- Strauss- The elementary structure of kinship

3.      Robin Fox- Kinship and Marriage

4.      Marcel Mauss- The Gift

5.      Marshall Sahlins- Stone age Economics

6.      George C. Homans- Social Behavior: its elementary form

7.      Anthony Heath- Rational choice and social exchange

George Homans

·         Elementary social behavior

·         The human group

·         Social behavior: its elementary forms

·         Social behavior

·         Coming to my senses

·         The principles of rationality

Peter M Blau

·         Exchange and social integration

·         Book-

1.      approaches to the study of social structure

2.      exchange and power

3.      dynamics of bureaucracy

4.      inequality and heterogeneity: a primitive of social structure

5.      norms and networks

·         Margaret Levi- Consent, dissent and patriotism

·         Hechter- principles of group solidarity

James Coleman

·         Books

1.      The foundations of social theory

2.      Coalition, trust and norms

3.      Trust and the formation of group norms

4.      Constructed social organization

·         Concept – ‘social capital’

Authors and Books

1.      Emile Durkheim- The rules of sociological method

2.      L. McDowell- Gender, Identity and Place

3.      Chain Shilling- The Body and Social theory

4.      Zygmunt Bauman- Survival as a social construct

Michel Foucault

1.      Discipline and Punish: the birth of the prison

2.      Madness and Civilization: a history of insanity

3.      The care of the self

4.      The History of sexuality

5.      Power and knowledge

6.      The order of things

7.      The archaeology of knowledge

Authors and Books

1.      B. S Turner- The Body and Society – the discourse of diet, medical power and social knowledge

2.      Thomas Szaaz- The Manufacture of Madness

3.      Anthony Giddens- Modernity and Self- Identity

4.      Arthur Frank- Feminism, consumerism and the Body, for a sociology of body

5.      John Gray- Men are from mars, Women are from Venus

6.      W.D Hamilton- The Narrow roads of Gene Land

7.      Edward. O. Wilson- Sociobiology: the new synthesis

8.      Pierre L. Van Den Berghe- Sociobiology, Dogma and Ethics

9.      Simon Baron- Cohen- The essential difference

10.  Robin Fox- The Cultural Animal

11.  Jung Chang, Wild Swang – three daughters of china

12.  Jacques Derrida- Discourse

13.  Jean Piaget- structuralism

14.  Raymond Boudon- the analysis of ideology

15.  Randall Collins- The sociological eye

16.  Ruth A Wallace- They Call Him Pastor